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Interpretation of Seismic Amplitudes: Advanced Introduction and examples. Rock physics. Elastic moduli, bulk modulus, shear modulus, Lame’s constants, density, P- and S-wave velocities and acoustic impedances, normal incidence reflection co-efficients. Poisson’s ratio. Combining elastic constants. Voigt, Reuss, Batzle-Wang, critical porosity. Gassmann’s equation and fluid substitution. Rock properties. The effect of oil and gas. Castagna’s data set. The mudrock line. Log measurements and invasion. Shear velocity estimation. Fermat’s principle. Snell’s law. The critical angle. The Knott-Zoeppritz equations. Synthetic models. The simplifications of Bortfeld, Aki and Richards, Shuey, Smith and Gidlow, Fatti et al. and Goodway. Relating offset to angle. Straight ray, Dix, ray tracing. Ostrander the pioneer. Forward modelling. Curve fitting. Weighted stacking. The conventional stack and the synthetic seismogram. Impedance inversion. AVO indicators. Intercept and Gradient. The classes of Rutherford and Williams. A x B, A x sign(B), B x sign(A), A+B etc. Near and far offsets and partial stacks. Cross-plotting. Fluid factor. Porosity indicator. "NI and PR". AVO inversion. The background. The influence of noise. The thin bed problem. Full waveform modelling. Partial gas saturation problems. Multicomponent AVO. Time lapse AVO. Pore pressure and AVO. Non-hyperbolic move-out. Anisotropy. Vertical transverse isotropy and azimuthal anisotropy. Processing considerations. Demultiple methods: F-K, Radon. Contractors’ examples of amplitude-friendly algorithms. Three parameter estimation. Case histories: West Africa, the fluid factor and anisotropy & others. Conclusions |
