Introduction and examples.

Rock physics. Elastic moduli, bulk modulus, shear modulus, Lame’s constants, density, P- and S-wave velocities and acoustic impedances, normal incidence reflection co-efficients. Poisson’s ratio.

Rock properties. The effect of oil and gas. Castagna’s data set. The mudrock line. Log measurements and invasion.

Fermat’s principle. Snell’s law. The critical angle.

The Knott-Zoeppritz equations. Synthetic models. The simplifications of Bortfeld, Aki and Richards, Shuey, Smith and Gidlow, Fatti et al.

Relating offset to angle. Straight ray, Dix, ray tracing.

Ostrander the pioneer. Forward modelling. Curve fitting.  The conventional stack and the synthetic seismogram. Impedance inversion.

AVO indicators. Intercept and Gradient. The classes of Rutherford and Williams. A x B, A x sign(B), B x sign(A), A+B etc. Near and far offsets and partial stacks. Cross-plotting. Fluid factor. Porosity indicator. "NI and PR".

Contractors’ examples of amplitude-friendly algorithms.

Three parameter estimation.

Case histories..

Conclusions